Amazon’s massive investments in India and Southeast Asia are building the infrastructure, talent and ecosystems that could let it dominate the region’s AI transition.
Traffic moves past the Amazon India headquarters in Bengaluru on December 29, 2025.AFP/YONHAP
Ko Young-kyung
The author is a research professor at Yonsei University’s Digital Trade Research Center.
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Amazon's expansion across Asia has become increasingly aggressive. Since entering India in 2010, the company has invested a cumulative $88 billion, making it the country's largest foreign investor as of the first half of 2026. Beginning with Singapore, Amazon has also established data center hubs in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.
And the expansion isn't slowing. Amazon has pledged to invest an additional $48 billion in India and more than $33 billion across Southeast Asia by 2039. In Vietnam, the company has gone beyond cloud services, outlining plans that include low Earth orbit satellite internet and a manufacturing hub for digital devices.
What Amazon is pursuing is not simply more data centers but leadership in the AI transition. Its objective is to bring the digital transformation of India's 1.4 billion people and Southeast Asia's 680 million consumers into the ecosystem of Amazon Web Services (AWS), then build AI and e-commerce platforms on top of that foundation.
Google and Microsoft are pursuing the same opportunity, but Amazon's cumulative investment far exceeds theirs. Unlike many competitors, it is building data centers alongside extensive e-commerce logistics networks, creating an integrated digital infrastructure rather than isolated facilities.
The investment is also flowing into local economies. Construction companies are among the first beneficiaries. Malaysia's Sunway Construction reported a 56 percent increase in first-quarter net profit this year after securing data center projects. In India, Larsen & Toubro has participated in developing sites for Amazon's Mumbai facilities.
아시아서 AI 생태계 설계하는 아마존
고영경 연세대학교 디지털통상연구센터 연구교수
아마존의 아시아 공세가 거침없다. 인도에서는 2010년 이후 누적 880억 달러를 투자해 2026년 상반기 기준 최대 외국인 투자 기업으로 올라섰고, 싱가포르를 시작으로 말레이시아·태국·인도네시아에 데이터센터 거점을 구축했다. 여기서 끝이 아니다. 아마존은 향후 인도에 480억 달러, 동남아에는 2039년까지 330억 달러 이상을 추가 투자하겠다고 약속했다. 베트남에서는 클라우드에 더해 레오 위성인터넷과 기기 제조 허브 구상까지 내놨다.
아마존이 노리는 것은 데이터센터가 아니라 인공지능(AI) 전환의 주도권이다. 인도 14억 명, 동남아 6억8천만 명 시장의 디지털 전환을 아마존웹서비스(AWS) 중심으로 흡수하고, 그 위에 AI와 이커머스 생태계를 구축하기 위해서다. 구글과 마이크로소프트도 뛰어들었지만, 누적 투자는 아마존이 압도적이다. 데이터센터와 이커머스 물류망을 함께 구축하기 때문이다.
이 돈은 지역경제로 흘러간다. 건설업이 가장 먼저 수혜를 본다. 말레이시아 썬웨이건설은 데이터센터 수주로 올 1분기 순이익이 56% 늘었고, 인도에서는 L&T가 뭄바이센터 부지 개발에 참여했다. 송배전·전력기기 수요도 폭증한다. 인도에서는 송전망 부족으로 올 1분기에만 재생에너지 300기가와트시(GWh)가 버려졌다. 효성중공업·LS일렉트릭·대한전선 등 한국 기업의 수주가 이어지는 배경이다.
각국이 아마존을 반기는 또 다른 이유는 인력 양성이다. 아마존은 동남아에서만 270만 명에게 클라우드와 AI 기술을 교육했다. 청년 실업과 인재 부족을 풀면서 지역 AI 생태계를 AWS 중심으로 묶는 전략이다.
문제는 그다음이다. 데이터센터는 고용 효과가 적고, 주요 장비도 수입하기에 산업 파급효과가 제한적이다. 전력망 구축은 예산과 시간이 많이 든다. 각국은 기반시설은 제공하지만 정작 AI 주도권은 선점 기업에 넘어갈 우려가 크다.
역설적으로 이것이 아마존의 가장 큰 경쟁력이다. 부지·전력·데이터센터·물류망·인력을 먼저 확보하면 산업과 서비스는 자연스럽게 아마존 생태계로 모인다. 인프라를 선점해 AI 전환의 중심을 차지하는 전략이다.
지난 6월 한국 수출은 사상 처음 월간 1000억 달러를 넘어섰다. AI 인프라 확대로 우리 기업은 메모리와 전력기기의 핵심 공급자가 됐다. 그러나 우리의 아세안·인도 전략은 여전히 ‘수출’이라는 단기 목표에 머물러 있다. 앞으로의 경쟁은 무엇을 수출하느냐가 아니라 누가 각국의 AI 전환을 주도하느냐다. 이제는 제품 수출을 넘어 각국의 AI 전환을 함께 설계하는 파트너가 되어야 한다. [출처:중앙일보] https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/25443930
Demand for electricity transmission infrastructure and power equipment is also surging. India continues to face severe transmission bottlenecks. During the first quarter alone, about 300 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of renewable electricity could not be delivered because of inadequate grid capacity. That helps explain why Korean companies such as Hyosung Heavy Industries, LS Electric and Taihan Cable & Solution have continued to win infrastructure contracts throughout the region.
Another reason governments welcome Amazon is its investment in developing local talent. Across Southeast Asia, the company says it has provided cloud computing and AI training to 2.7 million people. The strategy addresses youth unemployment and shortages of skilled workers while simultaneously tying emerging regional AI ecosystems more closely to AWS.
Yet the more difficult question comes afterward.
Data centers themselves generate relatively limited employment once construction is complete, while much of the advanced equipment is imported. As a result, their broader industrial spillover effects are often modest. Expanding power grids also requires enormous financial resources and years of construction.
Countries may end up supplying land, electricity and infrastructure while allowing technological leadership in AI to become concentrated in the companies that establish themselves first.
Paradoxically, this is also Amazon's greatest competitive advantage.
Once a company secures land, power supplies, data centers, logistics networks and skilled workers, industries and digital services naturally gravitate toward that ecosystem. The strategy is not simply to build infrastructure but to occupy the commanding position in a country's AI transition before rivals can do so. Infrastructure becomes the foundation upon which future digital industries are organized.
Korea has already benefited from this transformation. In June, the country's monthly exports exceeded $100 billion for the first time, driven in part by expanding global demand for AI infrastructure. Korean firms have become key suppliers of memory chips and power equipment that support the worldwide buildout of AI facilities.
Even so, Korea's strategy toward the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and India remains largely centered on the short-term objective of increasing exports. That perspective is becoming insufficient as competition shifts beyond manufactured goods.
The next stage of competition will not be determined by who exports more products. It will depend on who shapes each country's AI transition and becomes an indispensable long-term partner in that process.
Rather than limiting itself to selling hardware, Korea should seek to help design the AI transformation of emerging economies. Those that participate in building the rules, infrastructure and ecosystems of AI will ultimately enjoy far greater influence than those that simply supply the components.
This article was originally written in Korean and translated by a bilingual reporter with the help of generative AI tools. It was then edited by a native English-speaking editor. All AI-assisted translations are reviewed and refined by our newsroom.